The development of scientific research in various fields and disciplines depends on the presence of solid scientific methods aimed at defining the problem, analyzing its elements accurately and effectively, and overcoming a series of défis that may arise during the research process. The absence of a methodology leads to difficulties in controlling and understanding the subject, which can result in randomness and lack of scientific rigor. Research methodologies, particularly in the humanities and social sciences, are crucial due to the diversity of their branches and the complexity of their topics. They help researchers easily identify a range of facts and uncover underlying phenomena. In this context, field-based geographical research holds significant importance, as it is a mode of thinking and conceptualizing a specific geographical phenomenon. Geographical research often requires field visits to observe and track changes that may occur in the studied phenomenon over time. Therefore, the field provides researchers with comprehensive answers to the research questions, which may not be sufficiently addressed through the sources and references consulted. Geographical researchers utilize a variety of geographic techniques and tools, which vary depending on the themes and topics of geography being explored.

Keywords: scientific research, methodology, field research, geographical research, geographical phenomeno

Geographical research is one of the academic fields that involves the integration of various quantitative and qualitative methodologies, making it both diverse and complex at the same time. As a result, there are multiple theoretical approaches adopted in geographical research, ranging from classical methodologies based on traditional principles (description, explanation, and generalization) to modern approaches that incorporate new technologies and techniques such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and statistical analysis software (SPSS). Despite the variety of these approaches, field research remains the key link between theoretical and applied aspects, as it reflects the environmental and social realities that geography deals with in a tangible way.

Geographical research is not limited to understanding space and time alone; it extends to analyzing the relationship between humans and their environment and how each influences the other. This field has significantly evolved, as it is no longer confined to studying the spatial distribution of phenomena, but has expanded to address complex issues such as climate change, urban development, local economies, human activities, and more.

Theoretical methodologies are an important part of any knowledge field and scientific research, and this is also true for geography. They provide the intellectual foundations that contribute to constructing the general framework for understanding geographical phenomena. These methodologies range from those that focus on material concepts to those that rely on analyzing social, economic, and cultural relationships. On the other hand, field research involves applying these methodologies in real-life situations through conducting surveys, field investigations, and directly observing geographical phenomena in the field (field observation). The aim is for researchers to observe geographical phenomena firsthand, link them together, interpret and analyze them, and even compare the phenomena observed in their study area with similar phenomena in other regions.¹ The field is considered the place where a set of interactions occur between individuals, groups, and institutions.²

Thus, the importance of combining theoretical methodologies with field research in geographical research becomes evident. Theory provides the tools and conceptual frameworks, while field research helps test and experiment with these ideas in reality (Belrhitri El-Hassan, 2021), enabling the geographical researcher to understand the interrelationships between geographical phenomena with greater accuracy. This integration between theory and practice forms the foundation for building innovative, effective, and rigorous geographical research that can tackle contemporary défis and achieve scientific progress in research in general and geographical studies in particular. As a result, geographical research has become more specialized and focused on issues that concern the field and society, such as climate change, migration, distribution of natural resources, and urban planning. Undoubtedly, field research is the key factor in gathering accurate data that contributes to guiding local and global public policies to address these issues and défis.

The issue in geographical research lies in how to achieve a balance between the multiple theoretical methodologies and their practical applications through field research. With the diversity of geographical theories and the existence of multiple approaches in interpreting geographical phenomena, the greatest défi remains how to effectively utilize these methodologies in studying the complex and changing geographical reality in time and space. Thus, to what extent do theoretical scientific methodologies and field research integrate in understanding and interpreting geographical phenomena?

The importance of this scientific contribution lies in shedding light on the relationship between theoretical methodologies and field research in geographical studies, highlighting the significance of this integration in advancing geographical research. The study's importance is evident in demonstrating the role of field research in enriching geographical methodologies with accurate data, which helps in providing scientific and practical solutions to major issues at both local and global levels, such as population growth, climate change, and sustainable development.

The scientific method and the geographical method

The scientific method is defined as the shortest and safest path to achieve the desired goal,³ meaning the path that leads to the discovery of truth in sciences through a set of rules.⁴ In this sense, it forms the objective approach that the researcher follows in his study or in tracking a specific phenomenon in order to define its dimensions and study it comprehensively (Khaldi Al-Hadi, 1996). It is also defined as a way of thinking relied upon by the researcher in acquiring knowledge ; thus, the scientific method becomes a necessity for research.⁵ It is a tool that relies on the analysis of a set of principles and foundations.⁶

As for the geographical method, it does not only rely on describing rural areas, populations, their activities, and their living environment, but also on researching the mass of observed objects, the series of data, mechanisms, and basic systems that enable the understanding of life and its evolution according to certain criteria on multiple levels depending on places and systems of exploitation.⁷

Geographical research and the diversity of scientific methodologies

There are various methodologies adopted by geographers in studying and analyzing geographical phenomena. In addition to the classical methodology known for its three components description, explanation, and generalization geographers have also relied on other methodologies that intersect with various branches of science, such as the historical method, statistical method, experimental method, and others. This diversity in methodologies can be explained by the variety and complexity of spatial phenomena that geography deals with. Undoubtedly, this diversity contributes to enriching research, advancing scientific knowledge, and encouraging researchers to explore various fields within the science of geography.

The methodology, therefore, refers to the precise scientific steps and general rules that the researcher follows in addressing a particular phenomenon and deducing a set of facts related to it. Among the scientific methodologies employed in geographical research are:

The Descriptive-Analytical Method: The descriptive method is considered one of the most important methodologies used in geographical studies, as it relies on gathering facts and information, then comparing, analyzing, and interpreting them to reach acceptable generalizations.⁸ This methodology depends on observation in its various forms, in addition to classification and statistical processes, with an explanation and interpretation of these operations. The descriptive method is considered the most suitable research methodology for social reality.⁶

The statistical method: This is considered one of the most important methodologies used in the social sciences. It focuses on collecting all relevant data for a phenomenon (numbers, official statistics) and is based on understanding what these aggregated numbers mean, extrapolating them, and understanding their significance rather than just describing and interpreting them. This method also seeks to examine the correlation coefficients between two or more statistical variables and to interpret them with scientific accuracy.

The historical method: This is one of the most important methodologies that geography engages with and is considered a laboratory for geography. It relie on collecting, selecting, classifying, and interpreting events,⁶ given that geographical phenomena are not fixed over time but evolve and change according to historical periods.

The inductive method: The basis of this method is induction. Induction means drawing conclusions based on observation and, in other words, "let the facts speak for themselves." It involves moving from the specific to the general, from phenomena to their laws, and is a logical inference that proceeds from specific examples to a general conclusion.⁶

The deductive method: Deduction is based on a set of initial assumptions, definitions, axioms, and postulates, from which, within a framework of strict derivation rules, conclusions or theories are drawn.

The quantitative method: This methodology has become more widely used in applied geography. It is natural for this to be the case in order for the results to reach a level of scientific accuracy that allows decision-makers to make informed decisions based on scientific principles. For example, when studying landslides, it is not enough to simply mention their frequency, types, forms, occurrence conditions, and explanations ; the method goes further by measuring the time required for the landslide process under different conditions and across various types of rocks. This allows for predicting the likelihood of such events occurring in a specific area and determining ways to prevent them (Mahmoud Mohamed Saif, 1998).

We conclude that geographical research opens up to a range of scientific disciplines and relies on various methodologies in studying and tracking phenomena in a precise manner. Geographical research cannot be considered complete without fieldwork.

Fieldwork as a tool for developing and supporting geographical research

The field or the area is the laboratory for the geographical researcher and the stage where a range of natural and human phenomena unfold, along with the transformations and developments that occur within the framework of the interactive relationship between its elements. Therefore, geographers have long been interested in studying the field to understand the phenomena that exist in relation to others, whether as causes or results. Fieldwork is also considered a means of obtaining the necessary data and information required for effective planning and rational management of the area’s resources and land use. (Mohammed Belfaqih, 1991) confirms that " Otto Schlüter (1872-1959) was the first to make geography a science focused on observations... and the correct starting point for any geographical study aiming to answer all questions." In this regard, the researcher is required to gather all relevant data meticulously and handle it with high precision to build authentic geographical research free from repetition of previous works, theoretical narration, and unnecessary elaboration. The tools used during fieldwork are varied and depend on the nature of the topic and the issue being studied. In addition to direct field observation of geographical phenomena, the geographical researcher utilizes a variety of tools to study the phenomenon, take measurements, and analyze the field.

Techniques and tools used in fieldwork

The tools and techniques employed during fieldwork are diverse and vary depending on the nature of the topic and the issue being studied. In addition to direct field observation of geographical phenomena, the geographical researcher relies on various methods to study the phenomenon, take measurements, and analyze the field. Some of these tools include:⁹

Geographical map: The map is closely linked to all branches of geography. Urban maps differ from agricultural property maps, geological maps, and so on. In other words, each geographical specialization has its own specific maps, and researchers must be trained to read them and update their information through fieldwork. The following types of maps can be distinguished:

1. Topographic Maps with different scales (1:50,000, 1:25,000, 1:100,000) are relied upon by any geographical researcher, as they provide important natural and human data about the study area.
2. Geological Maps provide data about rock types, geological structures, and their temporal affiliations.
3. Thematic Maps provide data on economic, human, and infrastructural aspects, among others.

Modern Electronic Devices such as GPS to determine locations and position the phenomenon with geographic coordinates (X, Y). Measuring Instruments, especially when the topic falls under physical geography (erosion, coastline development, volume measurement, etc.), such as instruments for measuring temperature or evaporation, and determining wind direction, etc. High-Quality Cameras to take photos that support the research.

Field observation technique: This refers to the process of diagnosing and examining the phenomenon with great precision and care in order to draw conclusions that closely reflect the reality of the studied phenomenon. Observation, therefore, is a crucial stage in geographical research and cannot be omitted. At this stage, the geographical researcher must possess a high level of skill and ability to observe, connect events, and interpret them, because geography, ultimately, is a science based on three key elements : description, analysis, and generalization of the results obtained. In addition, the geographical researcher relies on a set of software and technologies to process the data collected and create a specialized database for their study area. Among these tools, we can mention:

1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which specialize in spatial analysis, image processing, and map creation.
2. SPSS software, which is used for statistical analysis, survey data processing, and generating tables and charts.
3. Remote Sensing (ENVI or ERDAS), which allows for the analysis of satellite or aerial images.
4. Editing and Presentation Tools like Word and PowerPoint, among others.

These tools are essential for organizing, analyzing, and presenting the geographical data in a meaningful way.

The field survey form as an important tool in geographical research

The field survey form is a fundamental tool and an essential means, especially in social and human sciences research, due to its role in gathering opinions and perceptions from the surveyed group, as well as obtaining critical information that may not be available in theoretical references or even in official institutions. Therefore, it is difficult to imagine effective geographical research without the use of a field survey form. This drive the geographical researcher to rely on it as an important tool in constructing the research problem. The process involves selecting a sample that represents the study population.

The process of selecting a suitable sample for the studied issue goes through four essential stages. It starts with the precise identification of the original population selected (e.g., rural community, industrial community, migrants, etc.), followed by determining its size based on official statistics or data provided by a specific institution (such as local authorities, communities, the Ministry of Tourism, etc.). Then, the sample representing the study population is identified to ensure that the results can be generalized to the original population, as studying the entire population is impractical due to the significant time and financial costs involved. Finally, the survey form is distributed to the previously selected sample. Two main groups of samples can be distinguished:

1. Random or Probabilistic Samples: These are most commonly used in geographical research because they give each unit of the study population the same chance of being surveyed. Within random samples, we can differentiate between simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
2. Non-random Samples: In this case, the researcher controls the selection of the sample and the specific units of the population to be surveyed based on predetermined criteria. Non-random sampling includes techniques such as purposive sampling, quota sampling, or accidental sampling.

The Table: The appropriate sample size at different levels of the original study population.

Mohammed Obaidat, Mohammed Abu Nassar, and Aqlaa Mbaydin (1999), Scientific Research Methodology: Rules, Stages, and Applications. In general, regardless of the sample method used, the researcher should be fully aware and highly precise when determining the sample, taking into account the principle of population homogeneity, its size, and nature.

Objectives of fieldwork in geographical research

Fieldwork aims to achieve several objectives, including:

1. Guiding the geographical researcher and helping them understand their research problem more accurately and deeply.
2. Providing the researcher with the experiences and techniques used in research, such as measuring and taking soil samples.
3. Enhancing the researcher’s abilities and reinforcing skills in observation (observing phenomena) and analysis.
4. Discovering new phenomena or things that were previously unknown or not prominent.
5. Offering the researcher an opportunity to learn how to use modern technologies such as GPS, drones, and advanced devices for photography, measurement, and calculation.
6. Direct interaction with the population and their environment, which helps unravel the causes of various phenomena.

Main problems hindering fieldwork in geographical research

Undoubtedly, like other academic research, geographical research particularly the geographical researcher faces several difficulties when investigating a specific phenomenon or issue, especially when it comes to conducting fieldwork and the various procedural tasks associated with it, such as interviews, meetings, questionnaires, observations, and others. Therefore, it is essential to address these défis that hinder the successful completion of the work. These défis can be summarized as follows:

1. Lack of financial support for student researchers, especially considering that field geographical research requires a significant financial cost.
2. Lack of cooperation from some institutions that possess data and statistical information (such as rainfall data, agricultural data, international migration data, etc.).
3. Scarcity of knowledge materials in university libraries and the difficulty in accessing them.
4. Lack of suitable research environments, particularly laboratories and special research rooms for researchers.
5. Slow processing of requests for information from official institutions, especially those related to agriculture and economic data (e.g., project costs).
6. Vast geographical areas, which require significant effort and transportation means.^10–14

Geography has witnessed significant developments, both in terms of the methodologies adopted and the modern techniques employed. However, despite these advancements, it remains closely tied to the field, and the geographer cannot do without fieldwork during their studies. Fieldwork is the primary source of data and the laboratory in which most processes take place, making geography a scientific discipline built on three fundamental steps: description, interpretation, and generalization. Based on this, the following recommendations can be made:

1. The necessity of restoring the value of scientific research by developing human resources and focusing on university institutions as laboratories for scientific knowledge production.
2. The use of modern technologies to facilitate access to information (university digitization).
3. Focusing on field research and providing the essential conditions to carry it out in the best possible circumstances.
4. Providing financial support for researchers and supervisory bodies to motivate them to make greater efforts.
5. Providing logistical support for researchers (work tools, transportation, computers, etc.).
6. Organizing training sessions for student researchers regarding the methodology of field studies.
7. Creating partnerships between higher education institutions and other organizations to facilitate researchers' access to institutions related directly to their field of study.
8. Opening up to artificial intelligence tools and the significant opportunities they offer to simplify researchers' work and regulate them to become tools that serve research.

In conclusion, it can be said that geographical research is a field that requires the continuous application of both theoretical methodologies and field research to achieve a deep and comprehensive understanding of geographical phenomena. As this field continues to evolve, it is important that geographical research remains interconnected with the development of other sciences and keeps pace with the changes occurring in the environment and society worldwide.

None.

The author declares there is no conflict of interest.

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