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Research Article Volume 10 Issue 3
Brain organoids: advances, applications, and limitations in neuroscientific and therapeutic research
Marco Vinícios de Oliveira Santana, Carlos Henrique Marchiori, Klebert de Paula Malheiros, Érico Meirelles de Melo
Received: November 24, 2025 | Published: December 17, 2025
Citation: Marchiori CH, Santana MVO, Malheiros KP, et al. Brain organoids: advances, applications, and limitations in neuroscientific and therapeutic research.MOJ Biol Med. 2025;10(1):179‒184. DOI: 10.15406/mojbm.2025.10.00260
Abstract
This article discusses the advances and limitations of brain organoids and stem cell– based therapies in neuroscience and regenerative medicine. Recent years have witnessed a rapid expansion of studies employing brain organoids (“mini-brains”) and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) to model neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, test pharmacological compounds, and explore novel therapeutic approaches. The objective of this work is to provide an updated overview of the scientific progress achieved between 2013 and 2025, with special attention to breakthroughs in regenerative medicine and genetic engineering. The methodology adopted involves a systematic review of academic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CAPES, complemented by a critical analysis of selected studies. Articles were evaluated based on their objectives, methods, study populations, interventions, outcomes, and conclusions. The results indicate that brain organoids represent reliable models for studying infectious, psychiatric, and degenerative diseases. Meanwhile, stem-cell–based therapies are increasingly showing clinical promise, particularly in conditions such as Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, macular degeneration, and autoimmune disorders. Limitations persist regarding maturity, vascularization, and ethical issues, but technological innovations such as CRISPR, CAR-T, and organoids-on-chip point to a future in which highly personalized medicine may become feasible. Overall, this study highlights the transformative potential of stem cell and organoid technologies for modern biomedical science and therapeutic development.
Keywords: autoimmunity, brain organoids, including stem cells, genetic therapies, neurodegenerative diseases, regenerative medicine
©2025 Marchiori, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.