Neuroeconomics explains the integration of the triune brain levels by general risk-willingness on a dimension from Extravert via Conscientious to Neurotic. Socio-economics (SE) synthesises general behavior by the 3P parameters (Prosperity, People and Planet). Searching databases maximizes each of the 3P by the following interventions:

1. Growth in GDP per capita for future maximization PROSPERITY.
2. UBI at the level of relative poverty to minimize poverty for ordinary PEOPLE.
3. Subsidies to non-fossil energy and green agriculture for protection of the PLANET.

SE is too complex for direct dissemination to lay users! However, preliminary guest-lectures to teachers in Public Administration at a business school, confirm that such indirect dissemination to democratic politicians is possible by teachers in Public Administration or Economics.

Keywords: triune brain, psychological method, neuroeconomics, behavioral economics, sustainable development, 3P management, technology assessment

British Empiricism recommended in the 18^th Century falsification to overcome subjective prejudices associated with religion, tradition and personality. This gave rise to a variety of specialist disciplines of science, which implies that the overview of contemporary science is lost and leading international decision-makers now call for a synthesis of specialist science.¹ Biology is the broadly scientific study of all living organisms, covering their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution. Biology finds that “Survival of the fittest” is the central law of behavior for primates. The Triune Brain Model (TBM) by Paul McLean² explains the human brain function by the 3 major levels of neurobiological evolution:

1. Instinctual Reptilian survival by the Brain Stem.
2. Ambivalent emotional responses by the Mammalian Limbic System.
3. The executive human cognitive function on the top in the Frontal Cortex.

TBM has gotten much scientific attention, but recently TBM is rejected as a model for behavioral psychology.³

TBM is an abstract model, wherein the internal integration must be explained, before it can be operated. The vital center integrating PFC and LS is the ventromedial PFC (vmPFC) between PFC and LS in Figure 1.⁴

Figure 1 The triune brain model (TBM).²

Neuroeconomics is a multidisciplinary field of behavioral science enabling neural modelling of the vmPFC. General risk-willingness⁵ is the basal parameter of human cognition, integrating PFC and Limbic System by the vmPFC, see Figure 2, ordering the Big5 Tempers constituting a Neuroeconomic Psychology (NeP).^5–7 Moderate Risk-willingness explains creative man (“Pilot in-the-Plane”)^8,9 as Open-mindedness with a wide flexibility between Extraversion and Conscientiousness.¹⁰ WHO warns that epidemic job-related stress soon becomes the heaviest health burden.¹¹ Figure 2 illustrates, too, the relevance of in-depth relaxation towards Origo to release anxiety and mental conflicts. Already 3000 years ago, Indo-Europeans discovered mantra-meditation as means to reach Nirvana (Origo) freeing imagination. Modern mantra-meditation in a relaxed sitting position in a quiet place, eventually complemented by Biofeedback, is a simple method for destressing with evidenced health effects in more studies, for instance Benson.¹²

Figure 2 Neuroeconomic psychology (NeP).⁶

Key references: Ad I: McClure et al 2004; Ad II: Daw et al 2006.^7–9

The general parameter of economic behavior of TBM is general risk-willingness.^5–7 This study aims to operate a synthesis of TBM, replacing the Neoclassical dogma on “Bounded Rationality” as the central parameter of behavior, see methodology below.

Objectivist natural sciences transcend subjective knowledge by data-based falsification.

In behavioral sciences as Economics, scientists are both observers and actors. Recognition of TBM implies that besides the methodological aspects of falsification, behavioral scientists must be aware of biases by personality, where typical subjective biases like Extraversion give Type 1 Errors, while Conscientiousness give Type 2 Errors^5–7 as indicated in Table 1. Behavioral scientists must be impartial basing conclusions exclusively on empirical findings that are representative to the target group under investigation.

A special methodological challenge in the operation of TBM is the recognition that Man is not just an individual, but also a social being as presupposed in Socioeconomics (SE) - the positivist discipline that combines individual and social utility for a common outcome.

The concept of QALY (Quality-Adjusted Life Years) is already well-established in Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and serves as an outcome of SE, too, combining quantitative and qualitative outcomes. SE has both a macro- and a microaspect. The macroeconomic goals (MG^(X)) of SE are specified as:

1. Economic growth,
2. Full employment,
3. Stable prices,
4. Equality and
5. Ecological Sustainability, whereof MG^2,3 are synthesized by short-term Keynesian fiscal policy. New Keynesian Economics aims to integrate Keynesian and Classical economics acknowledging market imperfections while emphasizing the importance of rational decision-making.¹³ However, the Neoclassical economic thesis of bounded rationality is strongly questioned by behavioral economics.^5–7 A comprehensive model of SE must fulfill the 17 UN goals for sustainable development. 3P Management by PROSPERITY, PEOPLE and PLANET^14,15 represents the MG,^1,4,5–7 enabling a sustainable model of alternative socio-economic actions by QALY across disciplines, see Figure 3.

Figure 3 Socioeconomic model of sustainable development (SE).^6,14,15

SE operates TBM for prioritization of alternative interventions by the following Formula:

Formula 1: ^5–7,10,11

Socioeconomic results

International science databases are searched for the most promising QALY interventions by the 3P to operate TBM. This identifies the following long-term interventions as options:

a)                   Ad PROSPERITY: Life-Expectancy is doubled in the last 200 years. Due to the logarithmic relation to growth, it grows by 3 months p.a. This implies a gain of about 1.700 million QALY per year.¹⁶

b)                   Ad PLANET: Estimates on the severity of future climate damages differ a lot. This study bases on a median forecast, warning that intensified natural disasters by global heating by existing policies will cost $12.5 Trillion USD by 2050 causing the loss of more than 2 billion QALY.¹⁷ This implies that the net effect of the 3P becomes negative about 2040! Further, such climate change will exacerbate global health inequities in the most vulnerable populations, too, including women, youth, elderly, lower-income groups and hard-to-reach communities.

Mainstream economics, merited by Nobel Prizes (Pigou 1920 and Norton 2018), recommends a CO₂ Tariff on any local pollutant (ET). However, atmospheric heating by CO₂ knows no borders, and a national ET loads the national competitiveness with export of national jobs and companies. Subsidizing alternatives to fossil energy (ES) has the same transition incentive as ET without hurting national competitiveness:^5–7

1. ES is financed by taxpayers. ET, financed by companies/institutions, too, is going to be pushed-over on ordinary citizens.
2. The gross starting budget of ES is low, but grows over time. ES must be limited to the life- time of the subsidized products. ET peaks the revenue from start, but declines over time.

The Biden Administration pioneered a Western ES-strategy to make the US carbon neutral in 2050,¹⁸ but the present Trump Administration opposes this plan in various ways.

Already, China applies the ES-strategy subsidizing non-fossil energy i.e. electric cars. So, ES instead of ET helps to equalize Western conditions of competition with China.

Other important global threats to the Ecosystem are the special pollution of earth and water by fertilizers used by modern HiTec-agriculture. This implies that alternative forms of ecological agriculture should be subsidized by ES, too.

c)                   Ad PEOPLE: Job-related epidemic stress costs 2% of GDP, causes 3 million deaths and another million disabilities. In all, implying the loss of 100 million QALY, which is expected to triple by 2050.¹⁹

The QALY of PEOPLE depends according to SE, too, on long-term social welfare policy. For instance, QALY is 3 years higher in the EU compared with the US.^5–7 In the EU center-oriented economic policies with deals across-the-center lowers economic inequality (Gini-coefficient), see Figure 4. Also, collective services with economies-of-scale, are financed by public taxes such as healthcare, education and social security.

Figure 4 Center-oriented democracy for implementation of SE.

Classical political ideologies form a continuum on regulation of the market economy from Neoliberalism to Communism. A “Green Center-oriented democracy” fulfills Formula 1 by:

1. PROSPERITY pursued balancing market-based growth with assurance of social welfare by UBI for the PEOPLE.
2. Expanding the scope of SE to include protection of the Ecosystem.

Nobel Laureates recommend Universal Basic Income (UBI) as the core of social welfare economy, which is confirmed by empirical studies.²⁰

Already, China has the same QALY as the US by a GDP per capita at one third of the US. Worldwide the most relevant choice of economic-political system seems to be European center-oriented democracy versus Chinese socialist market economy.

Implementation of the Triune Conception of Brain and Behavior (TBM) builds on recognition of the broad functional integration of the Frontal and Limbic Systems. Neuroeconomics explains Fronto-Limbic integration by General Risk-willingness constituting Neuroeconomic Psychology (NeP) ordering the Big5 Tempers. However, man is not just an individual, but also a social being, wherefore operation of TBM presupposes a socio-economic integration (SE) based on the 3P (Prosperity, People, Planet). By 2040, existing policies predict that the negative effects of climate damage and job-related stress, supersede the QALY gained by general growth in GDP, see Table 2. This calls urgently for better overall and international coordination of human interaction on SE! Here, Neuroeconomic Psychology (NeP) can guide individual economic behavior, for instance recommending Stress- management by meditative in-depth relaxation complemented by Biofeedback.⁷

The key challenge is that SE is complex compared with the simple theories typically disseminated to laymen in democratic economic-policy. The dissemination of SE has been tested by preliminary Guest-Lectures on SE at a Danish business school. These guest-lectures indicate that both teachers and students in Public Administration can understand SE! To accelerate the final dissemination of SE to lay end-users, supporting politicians by teachers in Public Administration or Economics, a partial financial support is crucial, for instance by 50% from Funds for the common best.

Already, China has the same QALY as the US by a GDP per capita at one third of the US and the QALY in EU is 3 years better than in the US. Worldwide, the most relevant choice of economic-political system appears to be between European center-oriented democracy and Chinese socialist market economy. A positive option for collaboration between EU and China is that EU and China might agree on implementation of a worldwide socio-economic top-priority to subsidies to non-fossil energy alternatives (ES). However, this presupposes that the democratic world finds some extra financial support for public dissemination of SE by guest-lectures, for instance from Funds for the common best.

None.

None.

The author declares that there is no conflicts of interest.

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