Robotics is a valuable tool for teaching mathematics as it allows students to see the practical applications of mathematical concepts in real-life situations, students can use robotics to learn about geometry and spatial reasoning by designing and programming robots to move through specific paths or shapes, in addition also use robotics to explore algebraic and numerical concepts by programming robots to perform calculations or model real-world problems. As well, robotics develop problem-solving and critical thinking skills as they design, build, test, and refine their robots. Overall, incorporating robotics into mathematics education can help make math more engaging and relevant for students.In conclusion, robotics in agriculture and the teaching of mathematics provide students with opportunities to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills through hands-on learning, analytical thinking, quantitative decision-making, problem-solving strategies, and collaborative work.

Keywords: robotics, agriculture, teaching, mathematics

Integrating mathematics into robotics education in the context of agriculture can be done in various ways.

1. Programming logic: Teach students how to code and program robots for agricultural tasks. Use mathematics concepts such as algorithms, conditionals, loops, and variables to develop logical and efficient code. This will help students understand the importance of precise mathematical calculations in robotics.
2. Sensor integration: Discuss how sensors are used in robotics for data collection in agriculture. Teach students about measurement units, data analysis, and statistical concepts to interpret the sensor data accurately. This involves understanding mathematical representations, units of measurement, and calibration.
3. Navigation and mapping: Introduce concepts like Cartesian coordinates, mapping, and GPS systems to help students understand how robotics navigate through agricultural fields. Teach them about distance, angles, geometry, and trigonometry to calculate coordinates, plan routes, and optimize navigation.
4. Kinematics and motion planning: Explore the mathematics behind robotic arm movements used in agricultural tasks like harvesting or planting. Teach concepts such as joint angles, inverse kinematics, and trajectory planning. Students can learn to calculate angles, distances, and velocities for precise movements.
5. Data modeling and analysis: Agriculture robotics generates a vast amount of data. Introduce mathematical modeling techniques like regression analysis, machine learning algorithms, or statistical methods to analyze and interpret this data. Students can learn to identify patterns, make predictions, and optimize agricultural processes using mathematical models.
6. By incorporating these mathematical concepts into robotics education in agriculture, students can develop a deeper understanding of both subjects and apply their knowledge to solve real-world challenges effectively.

In mathematics, systematic reviews are common this is demonstrated by; García,¹ Jou,² Castro,³ Zabala-Vargas,⁴ Plaza,⁵ Ojeda,⁶ Salazar,⁷ Méndez,⁸ Kanobel,⁹ however, in this work, a semi-systematic review of the literature was carried out, that is, a mixture of narrative review and systematic review whose definitions are exemplified by Reyna,¹⁰ and Moreno,¹¹ since some steps of the systematic review and others were omitted because the main objective is to highlight the importance of mechatronics in the teaching of mathematics, the steps that were followed from the systematic review were; define the research questions, review the search for evidence, extract the data and present the results, the omitted steps were; specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the results and evaluate the quality of the studies. The search was carried out in academic Google, and the questions was Robotics in Mathematics teaching, and Robotics in Agriculture.

Robotics in mathematics teaching

Robotics is a valuable tool for teaching mathematics as it allows students to see the practical applications of mathematical concepts in real-life situations, students can use robotics to learn about geometry and spatial reasoning by designing and programming robots to move through specific paths or shapes, in addition also use robotics to explore algebraic and numerical concepts by programming robots to perform calculations or model real-world problems. As well, robotics develop problem-solving and critical thinking skills as they design, build, test, and refine their robots. Overall, incorporating robotics into mathematics education can help make math more engaging and relevant for students (Table 1).

Agricultural robots in México

Agricultural robots, also known as agri-bots or, are advanced technological systems designed to assist in various farming tasks. These robots can automate processes such as planting, harvesting, irrigation, fertilization, and crop monitoring. In Mexico, the adoption of agricultural robots has been gaining momentum in recent years. These technologies are being embraced to enhance efficiency, productivity, and sustainability within the agriculture sector. Some notable applications of agricultural robots in Mexico include:¹ Harvesting: Robots can be employed for the automated picking of crops like fruits, berries, and vegetables to reduce labor-intensive efforts.² Weed control: Autonomous robots equipped with vision systems and artificial intelligence can identify and selectively remove weeds, minimizing the need for herbicides.³ Crop monitoring: Drones equipped with sensors and imaging technologies are used to capture data on plant health, identify areas needing attention, and optimize resource allocation.⁴ Irrigation management: Smart irrigation systems integrated with robots allow for precise water usage and efficient irrigation practices, conserving water resources.⁵ Soil analysis: Robots equipped with sensors can analyze soil quality and make intelligent fertilizer recommendations, optimizing nutrient application. These advancements in agricultural robotics aim to improve productivity, address labor shortages, reduce environmental impacts, and enhance overall farm management practices in Mexico. It is important to note that while the integration of agricultural robots is growing, their adoption may vary across different regions and farm sizes.

Agricultural mechanization is the only way to dramatically increase productivity, being that in the XXI century is to be applied at the highest level, automation and robotics. In the country's efforts are minimal research and development of agricultural robotics. Being in full disadvantage to countries like Brazil, Argentina and Chile have already started research in this segment of robotics. It must start encouraging the creation of groups among the leading universities in research on robotics as the IPN, UNAM, IPN-CINVESTAV Tamaulipas and IPN-CINVESTAV Saltillo, Technological University of the Mixteca, University of Guanajuato and agricultural research institutions like INIFAP, COLPOS, and Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University. So, the experience and capacity of research institutions on robotics and research institutions in agricultural sciences to advance the development of this discipline in Mexico would take advantage. The aim of this paper is to review the current status of robotics applications in Mexican agriculture, examine future prospects, and demonstrate that Mexico needs to make greater efforts, as research in agricultural robotics is significantly lagging. Negrete²⁵ many other tasks in agriculture in greenhouses can be made with robots. Past literature has reported many successful cases about crops in greenhouses. The main function of greenhouses is to recreate and keep adequate and controlled conditions of light, humidity, temperature, carbon dioxide, and pesticides, among others, in a confined space to grow plants for diverse purposes. However, those conditions can be potentially harmful to humans who work in greenhouses. An alternative to overcome this is the application of robotics in those agricultural sites, adequately applying Artificial Intelligence and mechanical subsystems that are part of a robot (Table 2).²⁶

Agricultural Robotics and the teaching of mathematics can greatly contribute to the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills in students.

1. Hands-on Learning: Robotics in agriculture involves practical applications and experiments. Students can engage in designing, building, and programming robotic systems for farming tasks. This hands-on learning approach encourages critical thinking and problem-solving as students analyze challenges, troubleshoot issues, and find innovative solutions.
2. Analytical Thinking: Mathematics education requires logical reasoning and analytical thinking. Solving mathematical problems involves breaking down complex situations into smaller, manageable components. Students learn to analyze, interpret data, and apply mathematical concepts to real-world scenarios, fostering critical thinking skills.
3. Quantitative Decision Making: Agriculture involves numerous variables and data points that need to be analyzed for optimized decision-making. Mathematics provides students with the necessary tools to collect, organize, and interpret data to make informed choices. This process enhances critical thinking by teaching students how to analyze various factors and their impact on decision outcomes.
4. Problem-Solving Strategies: Both robotics and mathematics provide students with problem-solving strategies and methodologies. Students learn to identify problems, formulate hypotheses, explore different solution paths, and evaluate the effectiveness of their approaches. These processes develop critical thinking skills by teaching students systematic problem-solving frameworks.
5. Collaboration and Communication: Robotics and mathematics often involve collaborative projects, where students work together to solve problems and achieve common goals. Collaborative work enhances critical thinking as students engage in discussions, share ideas, evaluate alternate solutions, and communicate their reasoning. This exchange of perspectives develops analytical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Incorporating agricultural robotics education into mathematics can have several potential benefits:

1. Experiential learning: Robotics allow students to engage in hands-on activities, giving them practical experiences in applying math concepts. It enhances their understanding of mathematical principles through real-world applications in the agricultural context.
2. Problem-solving skills: Robotics encourage students to think critically and solve problems creatively. By programming and operating robots in agricultural tasks, students develop analytical and logical thinking abilities to solve mathematical challenges related to farming practices.
3. Enhanced mathematical understanding: Robotics can provide a concrete representation of abstract mathematical concepts. Students can see mathematical concepts, such as geometry, algebra, measurements, and data analysis, in action through programming and controlling robots, fostering a deeper understanding of these mathematical principles.
4. Interdisciplinary connections: Robotics integration promotes the connection between mathematics and other subjects like science, technology, engineering, and agriculture. It allows for a holistic and interdisciplinary approach, encouraging students to explore various facets of knowledge while using mathematics as a foundational skill.
5. Career readiness: Agriculture is becoming increasingly automated with the use of robotics and technology. By incorporating robotics education in mathematics instruction, students can develop skills and knowledge that are directly applicable to future careers in agricultural technology, precision farming, or robotics engineering.
6. Engagement and motivation: Robotics adds an element of excitement and engagement to mathematics instruction. Students often find the practical application of math concepts through robots to be fun and motivating, leading to increased interest in learning mathematics and improved overall engagement in the subject.
7. Inclusive, incorporating robotics education into mathematics instruction in the agriculture field can provide students with valuable skills, practical knowledge, and a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts, preparing them for future academic and career opportunities. In conclusion, robotics in agriculture and the teaching of mathematics provide students with opportunities to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills through hands-on learning, analytical thinking, quantitative decision-making, problem-solving strategies, and collaborative work.

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